CHAPTER 13

THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND REFLEX ACTIVITY

1. Define sensory receptors and stimuli.  Define proprioceptors and state their function.  Define muscle spindles and state their function (also see figures 13.13 and 13.14). 

2. From your lab activities involving the two-point discrimination test, lecture, and p. 541 describe the distribution pattern of cutaneous sensory receptors over body surfaces. 

3. From your lab activities involving adaptation of temperature receptors, lecture, and p. 537 describe adaptation.  State if pain receptors and proprioceptors adapt, and explain why this is important to your survival.

4. Differentiate between mixed, sensory and motor nerves.

5. State whether the peripheral nervous system and/or the central nervous system are able to repair themselves by regeneration.

6. State the function of pain.  Explain how injury activates pain receptors.  Briefly define somatic and visceral pain.  Describe referred pain (also see p. 523).  The exam will not ask for specific examples of referred pain.  Describe pain threshold and pain tolerance.  From the enclosed lecture notes, describe possible mechanisms for modulating or altering pain.

7. Describe the 12 cranial nerves by roman numeral, name, and whether  each is a sensory, motor or mixed nerve.  From lecture, describe the function of each cranial nerve.

8. State whether the spinal nerves are mixed, sensory, or motor nerves.  State the designation for each of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves and give their general point of exit from the spinal cord.  Differentiate between roots and rami. 

9. Explain why the formation of spinal nerves into plexuses is a survival advantage. 

10. Define a reflex and discuss the components and action of a reflex arc (also see p. 421).  Define monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes.

11. Describe the stretch reflex to the depth covered in the attached lecture notes and figure 13.15.  Include a description of the patellar reflex and the two important pieces of information provided by a positive stretch reflex test. 

12. Describe the flexor reflex.

13. Describe shingles. 

14. Identify and state the function (unless marked *) of the following:

nerve*

     endoneurium                              

fascicle*                                                  

perineurium                                          

epineurium

cranial nerves*

     olfactory nerve                                    

     optic nerve                                          

          optic chiasma

     facial nerve                                    

spinal nerves*

     dorsal ramus                                        

ventral ramus                                       

          intercostal nerves

          cervical plexus

              phrenic nerve

          brachial plexus

              radial nerve

              ulnar nerve

              median nerve

              musculocutaneous  nerve

          lumbar plexus

              femoral nerve

          sacral plexus

              sciatic nerve

                   tibial nerve

                   common fibular nerve

              pudendal nerve